Class in America - 1189 Words

Mantsios Class in America In Mantsios article â€Å"Class in America† he states that Americans hold beliefs that blind them to social classes, citizens in America have four myths they use to ensure talk about the classes never take place. America has the largest gap between rich and poor in the world, and the lower class has no means to an end they can’t afford health care or quality education. The upper class avoids talk about social class the most; wealthy people don’t want to admit that they are better off than others. While the lower class sees how much better off others are than them, but they still don’t like to label themselves. I agree with Mantsios that most Americans avoid talk about classes although I am not one of them. Also I†¦show more content†¦Growing up in a lower class family my mother was barely able to pay the bills. My father left my mother when I was fourteen. So she was forced to provide for my siblings and me on her school bus driver salary. My moth er had the best health benefits a job provides, her children never went without healthcare. I will say the majority of lower class family’s do not have this luxury, it depends on the job. My siblings and I have also had a quality education because my mother researched the school districts in our area before deciding where to enroll her kids. The lower class can get a quality education we just have to be determined to work hard. In order to get a college education as a lower class citizen I have to work a full time job while going to school full time. I have a wonderful role model my mother got her bachelor’s degree while working to full time jobs one graveyard and one during the day while going to school full time. If she can do that then I can’t disappoint her all she’s ever wanted for her children was a better life. The government provides financial aid, but it isn’t enough to live on while going to school. I have to utilize every free moment I h ave to complete my assignments, because of that I don’t have any free time. College is my only shot at moving up the class ladder of America. Americans Don’t want to believe the US is a class basedShow MoreRelatedSocial Class in America1217 Words   |  5 Pages America is seen as the land of opportunity across the world, but many people wonder if it is true. The truth is America does have opportunities and with dedication anything is possible though the opportunities are limited. Usually limited for those who belong to a lower social class. The main reason opportunities are limited are because of America’s social inequality. The social class of America is separated into multiple groups that struggle with each other due to the inequality of power andRead MoreThe Poor Class Of America1166 Words   |  5 PagesRednecks are the poor class of America; nobody wants to be called that horrendous word. I guess it s the way of life for people that are less fortunate. When I think redneck, I think no teeth, beer belly, living in a trailer. I think of family feuds in the front of the trailer park with the cops get ting called. I think of fixer upper pickup trucks. You could say being a redneck isn t ideal to anyone that isn t one. Why would you want to be categorized as the smelly trailer park kid whose familyRead MoreThe Vanishing of Middle-Class America735 Words   |  3 PagesShrinking middle class The middle class in America has been shrinking particularly over the last decade to the current time. This is a trend that was last experienced in the 1930s during the great depression due to the altered economic trends in the American system. The shrinking of the middle class therefore led to the expansion of the poor and the rich gap due to the drop in the income within the middle class. Aaron Smith (2012) indicates that the wealth of the middle-income households wasRead MoreEssay on Class Distinctions in America5795 Words   |  24 Pages The ideal concept of American society is one in which all of the citizens are treated equal in all every realm and situation. Class, race or gender does not divide the utopian America; everyone is afforded the same opportunities and chances for success. In this chimerical state Americans are able to go as far as their dreams allow and with hard work and perseverance any thing is possible. Many Americans subscribe to this pluralist view of the Country, believing that within our democratic systemRead MoreAmerica s Role And The Middle Class1368 Words   |  6 Pagesdealing with the idea of who actually rules America. Is it the working class, middle class, upper class, corporations, government or the people who voice their opinion who rule America? Or is there a coalition of these individuals who represent America itself? However upsetting the truth may be, it is clear, thanks to the literature work of G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America? The Triumph of the Corporate Rich, that cor porations and the upper class rule America. Changes in the United States â€Å"representRead Moremoney and class in america Essay example708 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ In the book Money and Class in America written by Lewis Lapham, the way Americans look at money is exposed. It compares other nations view on monetary value against that of the Americans. It is a fact that we place more value on money than anything else. This book illustrates the corruptness of the â€Å"American Dream† as it focuses money as the â€Å"currency of the soul† and through the dream, men remain free to rise or fall. Their life is the product of the effort and the decisions put forth by themRead MoreEssay about Social Class in America1524 Words   |  7 PagesPeople Like Us: Social Class in America Film Review Introduction America is a complex and diverse web of individuals marked by social stratification, a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy (Macionis, 2011, p.204). The film People Like Us: Social Class in America discusses the class system, social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement, which the American people use to define others (Macionis, 2011, p.206). It explores the many variables thatRead MoreEssay about America: A Class Divided2707 Words   |  11 Pagesan elderly man whom before she had not known, could not even afford to fix her car. Although she worked harder than anyone who I had ever met, almost 60 hours a week, it was she who was struggling to pay the bills. This is not our ancestors’ America. Over the last 100 years American has been beseeched by a seemingly benign transformation that has led us astray from our national values and has led us to ignore our individual senses of right and wrong. The United States was founded upon the ideaRead MoreThe Impact of Social Class Distinction in America Essay890 Words   |  4 Pageshis essay, class is a â€Å"touchy subject.† Class is often noted as â€Å"any group of plants or animals.† However, when it comes to defining class as social distinctions, the word becomes more complex. The social class structure has remained â€Å"murky† over the years, and to most Americans, extremely complicated. In today’s society, social class has become more and more intricate, but it has never been set to where Americans feel comfortable in their own skin. Today, when talking about social class, people tendRead MoreHow Reganomics Destroyed Middle Class America1812 Words   |  8 PagesHow Reaganomics Destroyed the Middle Class Reaganomics are the economic policies that were set and promoted in 1980s by the U.S. President Ronald Reagan. These policies are mainly connected to trickle-down economics. There are four pillars that are associated with the economic policy of Reagan and they include: reduce government economic regulation, reduce growth of how much the government spends, reduce the marginal tax rates such as capital gains tax and income tax and lastly reduce the level

Essay about Iago Of Othello - 709 Words

Iago of Othello What makes a good villain? What qualities make one villain stand out from another? Is it their demeanor, ruthlessness, or the methods that they employ to accomplish their tasks? In any case, a great villain must leave the reader with a respect for their methods and a question about their motives. In Shakespeares Othello, there is one character in Iago that fulfills all of these qualifications. Iago is a wonderful villain because he gains others trust, relentlessly takes advantage of his peers flaws, and unapologetically causes the deaths of his counterparts in order to achieve his goals. The main weapon Iago used in his villainy was trust. Iago knew how to play to each characters personality to get them to†¦show more content†¦Aside from being Othellos right-hand man throughout a majority of the play, he also has a level of comfort with Cassio. This comfort is shown in his willingness to talk about Desdemona when the two are on night patrol. This reliance was something Iago exploited each time he had a chance. Every time a desire was expressed, Iago was there with a solution that always benefited Iago in the end. For instance, it was Iago that suggested to Roderigo that he attempt to kill Cassio in order to get Desdemona to be interested in him. It was also Iagos work in stoking up the fires of revenge in Othellos belly regarding the affair between Desdemona and Cassio. For each situation, every word that was said was for the advancement of Iago and the destruction of all others. Iago also acts as a contributor to each characters flaws in the play. For example, in act two, Iago influences Cassio to have some drinks in order to start a quarrel between Cassio and Roderigo. In another example, in act three, Iago gets Othello to believe that there is an affair between Desdemona and Cassio by building on the suspicions and doubts that Othello had before Iago even spoke to him. Finally, as the smoking gun that Othello was looking for, Iago presents the han dkerchief to Othello along with a fabricated story about its whereabouts. These actions contribute to the eventual demise of all of these characters, but it also leads toShow MoreRelatedOthello - Iago2748 Words   |  11 PagesUnequivocally, Iago plays an important and major function in the tragedy of Othello. By the end of the play, Iago has been directly responsible for the deaths of Roderigo, Emilia and the protagonist and his love. Iagos importance to the play is revealed by his contribution to the plot and his significance relative to other characters. Iagos function, which invariably adds to the importance he has on the play, is to lead to the downfall of Othello therefore revealing the themes of hate, jealousyRead MoreIago the Machiavellian in Othello1420 Words   |  6 Pagesto suspect the nefarious motives of their enemies. In this tragedy, Othello, Shakespeare has created a villain who behaves in this manner. Iago’s hatred, method of revenge, and vengeful hatred a re the reasons of the lives lost in this play and the reasons that lead to Iago’s downfall. Iago’s hatred of Othello and Cassio causes him to seek revenge and he is able to succeed because his victims are too innocent to suspect him. Iago is a Machiavellian Shakespearean character who cunningly convincesRead MoreThe Manipulation Of Iago In Othello1112 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the play Shakespeare presents Iago as the most manipulative character.Iago attempts to control and manipulate the characters by revealing and exploiting their fatal flaw to bring about their downfall. At the beginning of the play the audience witness Iagos manipulation toward Roderigo. Roderigo is blinded by his love for Desdemona and is prepared to try anything to win her heart.This makes it easy for Iago to manipulate Roderigo since he knows Roderigo is controlled by his emotions andRead MoreOthellos Relationship with Iago2536 Words   |  11 PagesRelationship with Iago From Hamlet, an ideal prince, and other essays in Shakesperean interpretation: Hamlet; Merchant of Venice; Othello; King Lear by Alexander W. Crawford. Boston R.G. Badger, 1916. The first scene of Othello presents a conversation between Roderigo, the disappointed suitor of Desdemona, and Iago, concerning incidents of which Othello is the chief agent. Othello and Desdemona have eloped, it seems, leaving Roderigo disappointed and distressed. He complains that Iago had not forewarnedRead MoreCharacter Of Iago In Othello894 Words   |  4 Pagescapability to completely lack all strains of human morality. A nearly perfect example of this is the antagonist Iago in Othello by William Shakespeare, who cunningly works his evil throughout the whole play, especially in Act III. Iago is an intriguing and complex character who instigates the tragedy of the play, but also is the embodiment of the negative traits of the main protagonist, Othello. Iago is a master manipulator who excels in revealing and exploiting peoples weaknesses, such as Othellos insecuritiesRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello And Iago 1463 Words   |  6 Pagesof the world. However, in spite of noble in tentions, this â€Å"hero† ends up causing much more harm then needed because he is not self-aware and has a different perspective than everyone else. In the play Othello many characters have the same issue with perspective and self-awareness. Othello and Iago are the two main characters that allow their views on themselves to take control over their actions without their awareness. There is a tragic ending to this play and it was all because of differing perspectivesRead MoreIago And Betrayal In â€Å"Othello†2545 Words   |  11 PagesAP 05/11/11 Iago And Betrayal In â€Å"Othello† â€Å"Othello† is one of the most successful plays in Shakespeare’s collection. One of the subjects the tragedy addresses is betrayal which is a crucial part of the play that helps the author develop events to bring it to its climax. Iago’s character symbolizes disloyalty, but what are the motives of his treachery? It seems like there is not enough reason for his actions. By creating Iago in â€Å"Othello† as perhaps a masterpiece villain comparing to all hisRead MoreOthello: Iago the Outsider1794 Words   |  8 Pagesdark theme there always must be an outsider from humanity who somehow stands out from the seemingly equal community. In the case of Shakespeares Othello the outsider from humanity would be Iago for he truly stands out from the rest of society. Although Othello may be physically put out of the community, it seems that on an emotional and egotistical level Iago puts himself out of society further then Othellos blackness does. He is not merel y manipulative, as other villains are; he turns aspects of truthRead More Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesIago in Othello  Ã‚      In William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello we see a morally depraved character, perhaps a very mentally sick individual, named Iago. His personality and development during the play is the subject of this essay. In Shakespeare’s Four Giants Blanche Coles comments on the mental illness that appears to afflict the despicable Iago: When such old time critics as H. N. Hudson, who wrote nearly a hundred years ago, saw that Iago was not acting from revenge, one is moreRead MoreIago in Shakespeares Othello Essay1381 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeares Othello is a remarkable tale of trust, deceitfulness, lust and the most destructive of human emotions: vengeance and hatred. Iago better known as Othellos antagonist embodies vengeance and hatred to move an agenda to squash all who oppose Iagos plans. As defined by Merrium-Webster the definition of a protagonist is a principal character in a literary work or a leading actor, character, or participant in a literary work. Othello by Shakespeare is a play about Othello an example of

Customer Service and Hard-to-get Auto Air-conditioning Free Essays

Hill’s Automotive, Inc. Hill’s AutomotiveInc. , is an aftermarket producer and distributor of automotive replacement parts. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Service and Hard-to-get Auto Air-conditioning or any similar topic only for you Order Now The business slowly expanded which began as a supplier of hard-to-get auto air-conditioning units for classic cars and hot rods. The firm has limited manufacturing capability but a state-of-the-art MRP system and extensive inventory and assembly facilities. Components are purchased, assembled and repackaged. Profits have fallen considerably. In addition, the customer service level has declined, with late deliveries now exceeding 25% of orders. And to make matters worse, customer returns have been rising at a rate of 3% per month. I. Point of View Art Hill II. Time Context At present III. Statement of the Problem The main problem of the study pertains to the declining profitability of the company and how will this decline be solved. IV. Statement of the Objectives * To be able to prepare a plan that will help the firm back on course toward improved profitability. * To be able to identify the symptoms, the problems and the specific changes to be implemented in the firm. * To be able to show the importance of MRP played in the plan. V. Assumptions * Hill’s Automotive Inc. s known as a supplier of hard-to-get auto air-conditioning units. * Hill’s Automotive Inc. is a financial stable manufacturing company. * The whole management of the Hill’s Automotive Inc. is responsible and effective employees. * The slow expansion of the business is consistent. VI. Areas of Consideration SWOT Analysis Strengths * Hillà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Automotive Inc. is a supplier of hard-to-get replacement parts. * Hill’s Automotive Inc. is a financial stable manufacturing company. * The manufacturing company has a state-of-the-art MRP system and extensive inventory and assembly facilities. * The firm has accurate bill of materials. Weaknesses The firm has a limited manufacturing capability. * The company’s discretionary segment has put downward pressure on volume and margins. * The company is suffering from considerably fallen profits. * Customer service level declines. * Customer returns are rising. * The firm has poor quality control and low productivity resulting to acquire high cost. Opportunities * The firm has a limited manufacturing capability. * The company is suffering from considerably fallen profits. * Level of customer service and returns. * Quality level and standards Threats * Competitors * Economic change * Declining customer service level. * Doubtful quality How to cite Customer Service and Hard-to-get Auto Air-conditioning, Essay examples

Hypocrites by Imani Coppola free essay sample

It’s unfair that every review of anything Imani Coppola has ever recorded starts off with a mention of her sole, two-decade-old hit â€Å"Legend of a Cowgirl.† She’s come so far lyrically and musically since then. Still a teenager when she scored her 15 minutes of fame, Coppola won over a small fan-base with â€Å"Legend† and its parent album, 1997’s â€Å"Chupacabra,† which is best described as a set of cheeky short stories set to sample-happy hip-hop arrangements. Two decades later, Coppola is still making music, albeit for a smaller audience. Her latest release, â€Å"Hypocrites,† was crowdfunded via PledgeMusic and dropped this past summer. Not only is it among her timeliest records – it’s loosely a concept album mocking technology and hipsters – but it’s also among her best. Gone are the days of ’60s sampling and tales of cartoonish alter egos. In their place are wry commentary on our tech obsess ion and idiosyncrasies. We will write a custom essay sample on Hypocrites by Imani Coppola or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For this record, her twelfth, technology replaces racism and the work world as her #1 enemy. On â€Å"Facetime Continuum,† she plays the role of a techie who unplugs her boyfriend’s life support so that she can charge her iPhone; the Auto-Tune, though it has destroyed many a song, works well in this context: it evokes T-Pain and adds to the song’s technological focus. â€Å"Swipe,† meanwhile, employs the same Auto-Tune while mocking many of the cliches Coppola has noticed on Tinder: â€Å"Take me on your boat/I wanna ski down your slippery slope,† she mockingly begs, knowing full well that those images are selected solely to impress viewers. Unfortunately, the novelty of the Auto-Tune wears off, so by its third and fourth appearances, it’s more grating than entertaining. For one thing, it often makes Coppola’s vocals difficult to decipher, which is a real shame, given that her lyrics are so often amusing and insightful. Additionally, as the album winds to a close, many of the songs feel interchangeable with their tinny production. Not even a sample of the â€Å"Ghostbusters† theme can pull â€Å"Like You Didn’t Know† (a diatribe apparently directed at Coppola’s cat) from the Auto-Tune wreckage. It’s no coincidence, then, that the highlights are the songs on which she foregoes the Auto-Tune for an approach that, while not exactly stripped-down, is infinitely more listenable. The best track is â€Å"Mixed Nut,† on which Coppola mocks hipsters while commenting on her own multiracial origins. It makes â€Å"#Selfie† sound tame by comparison: â€Å"I talk in upspeak, so it sounds like I’m asking a question †¦ even when I’m not.† â€Å"Just Feels Good,† another standout, successfully navigates the fine line between a feel-good song and an irritating earworm. Its lyrics (â€Å"The sunshine’s feelin’ my vibe/I got sunglasses on, my happy face†) are simplistic, to be sure, but the song possesses the self-awareness and restraint needed to make it palatable. Despite the fact that the album occasionally veers to the overly conceptual – from the Auto-Tune to the incessant heckling of hipsters – it’s a fun listen nonetheless, and one of the better records in her discography. At best, the album will make you think; at the very least, it will make you chuckle.

Immigration to the United States and New Americans free essay sample

Immigration in the early 1900s had tremendous impacts on the civilizations in Europe and in the United States. Immigration in any country can affect the economy and society. Domestically, there can be detrimental effects on the economy caused by the increasing number of immigrants. Also, nationally there have been problems in society with immigrants. But there are other views on immigration, stating that multiculturalism is increased and it strengthens society. Immigration has many different effects on a country, some good and some bad. Therefore, one may argue whether immigration has negative or positive effects within a country. Immigration has effected the United States socially and economically, significantly in the late 1900s some of the effects for the good and some for bad. Americans’ standard ways of thinking contain worries that the large numbers of immigrants are affecting the economy. In the source â€Å"The Case Against Immigration† Roy H. Beck states â€Å"an honest look at major trends during the recent mass immigration shows that ordinary Americans’ concerns can hardly be dismissed as narrow and unenlightened. We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration to the United States and New Americans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †1 He is stating that with the recent incline of immigration, people are not going to change their views on what they think of immigration. The large increase in immigration started in the 1970s and since then there has been a 5.6% increase in the total percentage of immigrants that make up the population in the year 2000.2 The recent incline in immigration has had significant negative effects in the economy. Many citizens believe that the large number of immigrants is conflicting with the job market. In source 98, Roy Beck states that the majority of people suffering from immigration are â€Å"poor children, lower skilled workers, residents of declining urban communities, and large numbers of African Americans.†3 These people are affected by immigration because of job competition. With more immigrants competing for the same jobs as the people effected, it diminishes the opportunities for citizens of the United States to get jobs at the wages they want. The group of people affected by immigrants makes up a large portion of the population. The text â€Å"The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration† backs up the statement made by Beck with a statement about unskilled workers. It states, â€Å"many immigrants are unskilled laborers, the strong presumption is that immigrants are substitutes for domestic unskilled labor. Therefore, an increase in the number of immigrants will generally decrease the wages of  domestic unskilled workers.†4 This shows that immigrants are affecting many Americans that are unskilled workers, and with the large amounts of immigrants there is a much greater effect. The theory is simple but it is proven with statistics from the text. The text proves that immigrants are having effects on Americans. From 1970 to 1990 there was a large increase in population. The competition for jobs also went up. Native born citizens that are unskilled workers had their wages increased from $37,212 in 1970 to $37,551 in 1990.5 We must take inflation into account too. If the wages were not affected by immigration, we would have expected them to increase more significantly due to inflation. Over 20 years the wages only increased by about $300, this shows a direct relation between the number of immigrants and the salaries of native citizens. Many citizens believe that immigration has different effects on a nation. According to Paul Scheffer â€Å"world wide migration produces multifarious societies, then there is little to be said against it.†6 He also states that society must â€Å"create space† for everyone. He is saying that society does not have to adopt the traditions and beliefs of immigrants; we just need to accept that they are present and we must share the community with those of other cultures. It may cause problems if we are forced to make room for immigrants because not everyone believes in the traditions of other cultures. Those who have strong nationalistic beliefs usually have the most conflict. One who takes pride in the traditions of their country may not agree with an immigrants view. This can lead to corruption in a community. In the source â€Å"The Stasi Report† there is a scenario that displays the negative effects on a society by different cultural views. The source states, â€Å"wearing this symbol of their religious affiliation disrupted instruction and violated the cherished French principle of secularity.†7 This is a key example in showing how people cannot simply â€Å"make room† for those of different cultures because not everyone in a community agrees with their tradition and beliefs. The text â€Å"The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration† states that as Hispanic and Asian immigrants improve their economic well being, they tend to move to better areas. Where African Americans â€Å"even is the have higher economic status- have continued to live in segregated neighborhoods.†8 This can show that there is a cause in discrimination against certain groups because of their choice to segregate  themselves. As they segregate themselves it causes a barrier with other ethnic groups. But as the new generations form, there is less segregation. Immigration is a leading problem in the segregation by choice. Not all opinions in an economical standpoint on immigration are negative. In source 98, Roy Beck states that that there are people who benefit from immigrants. He states the people that benefits are â€Å"business owners who have followed a low-wage labor strategy. Land developers, real estate agents, home mortgage officials, and others who tend to profit from population growth are winners.†9 This is stating that with the mass amounts of new immigrants, there is a large demand for housing. All of the jobs Beck lists are jobs that benefit from larger populations. In the text â€Å"The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration† there is proof that there can be benefits from immigration. The text states â€Å"Immigration increases the supply of labor in the economy. More labor means more goods and services being produced so that national output rises.†10(137) The author is saying that goods can be produced more cost efficiently because the immigrants are willing to work at a lower rate than the citizens. When there are low wage labor strategies being implemented it helps the economy because producing products will cost less. Without immigrants offering to work for low wages, there would be a lot less workers in big production companies. With fewer workers there will be a smaller output on goods, which causes the price of goods to increase. Immigrants can affect the economy in positive ways as well. Socially immigrants have positive influence in a community. In source 99, Scheffer states that multiculturalists have a viewpoint that â€Å"immigrants enriched and strengthened society.†11 Immigrants have had many cultural influences that citizens have adopted. For example in the United States there has been an accumulation of different types of food, music, dancing, and many more things. These influences have been significant parts of most of our everyday lives. Immigrants bring education and talent to America. In the text â€Å"The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration† there is reference to the many awards that immigrants have received in the United States. The text states that â€Å"the percentage of U.S.  prizewinners who are immigrants includes 26 percent for chemistry, 32 percent for physics 31 percent for physiology or medicine, 31 percent for economics, and, perhaps surprisingly, 27 percent for literature.†12 This shows that there should be no stereotypes in society against immigrants because many have achieved greatness in this country. There are many influences on countries immigrants have settled in. Immigrants provide benefits and disadvantages to cultures and economies. Immigrants cause competition for jobs with many citizens; they also cause conflict with those who do not agree with their culture. They also have positive influences, they provide low costing labor rates, and they help provide cultural diffusion that allows us to be more diverse as humans. Depending on the way one looks at the influences, they may have a complete different opinion than someone else on how immigrants affect a community or on a larger scale, a whole country.

Mandate of Heaven essays

Mandate of Heaven essays The Chinese gavernment revolved around the Mandate of Heaven, which lasted until the early years of the twentieth century. When the government and the environment were in good conndition, it was believed that the present dynasty was favored by god. If the government and environment were doing poorly, it meant that god was not pleased with the present emperor, and he was showing his unapproval by creating disasters such as flooding, droughts, and peasant riots. With these signs, the nobles would overthrow the dynasty causing this rage. The dynastic cycle, as historians call it today, consisted of six basic steps that included the rise and fall of a dynasty. First, the new dynasty would gain power, hurridly restore peace in China, and then step foward to claim the Mandate of Heaven. Next, they would continue to maintain wealth and good citizens, and the citizens would believe that they did have the Mandate of Heaven. In due time, however, the dynasty would weaken, forcing the emporer to raise the taxes. Soon after that, be it coincidence or not, the land would encounter a serious flood, drought, or peasant uprising. The people of China would realize that the present dynasty no longer had the Mandate of Heaven, and they would plan a rebellion. Finally, they would overthrow the dynasty, and sometimes kill the emporer and his family. Following this horrific event, a new family of nobles would come forth claiming the Mandate of Heaven. An example of the dynastic cycle is seen in from the Qin Dynasty, to the Han Dynasty, to the Six Dynasties. The Han Dynasty rose after the rebellions of the Qin. Then Wu Ti, who was emporer at the time, brought new economic policies, built canals, established graineries for surplus grain, increased taxes on merchants, and created government monopolies on salt, copper coins, iron, and liquor. Everything was going well, but good things don't last forever, as you will soon see. ...

Costing and Traditional Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Costing and Traditional Costing - Essay Example Activity based costing affects only overhead costs i.e. direct labour and direct materials are the same under Absorption Costing Method. A single activity pool of cost is referred to as a â€Å"cost bucket† where cost outlays for a specific activity are garnered. A measure for an activity is applied as a basis for allocation while using overhead costs. A rate of activity rate refers to the predetermined rate of overhead in Activity based costing. Activities’ Hierarchy: Guides the way costs are supposed to be grouped into various pools as well as the nature activities assigned per given cost pool Unit-level activities – done every moment a unit is produced. Batch- level activities – performed each time a batch is processed. Product- level activities – must be done regardless of the number units or batches of the output are being manufactured. Facility-level activities- have to be done regardless of the products to be produced. Task 1 Full costing and Activity based costing A) Calculations using Full costing Revenue and direct costs of products Skel Foss Total Units produced and sold 15000 units 18000 units 33000 Selling price/unit 52 91 Direct labour cost/unit (2hrs*10=20) (5hrs*10=50) Direct Material cost/unit 25 30 Sales revenue (1*2) 780000 1638000 2418000 Direct labour cost (1*3) 300000 900000 1200000 Direct Materials cost (1*4) 375000 540000 915000 Total direct cost (6+7) 675000 1440000 2115000 Calculations on Overheads and indirect costs. Indirect component Products (Skel + Foss) % of Total products Bought in parts handling costs 96000 40% Materials handling costs 38000 15.83% Sales invoicing costs 20000 8.33% Machine set up costs 26000 10.84% All other overheads 60000 25%... The paper tells that costs objects take in activities and activities take in resources. Resource cost outlays are allocated to activities based upon their utilisation of the mentioned resources, while activity cost outlays are allocated to cost outputs with the basis being cost objects in proportion to utilisation of those activities. Activity based costing puts into account causal relationship between costs and activities and between activities and resources. Using activity based costing management technique can considerably improve the financial health of a firm as it presents the real picture or the factsheet, as the activity based costing technique tracks the cost objects utilized in the activities and, thus, the factors consumed in the same activities, to determine correct individual overheads instead of simply linking on the volume. The activity based costing concept as a costing technique takes into consideration both factors. That is, the activity drivers as well as the resou rce drivers to come up with the product’s price or service. It is essential to realize that the profitability of a firm not only relies on the sales of the service or product, but also on the expenses concerned in the making of that specific service or product. In a given case study of parts of an automotive manufacturing firm located in the nation by the name Norway, it was then proven that just a minute portion of their line of products had a positive economic profit as well as return upon sales. As a matter of fact when the economic profit and operational profitability of their line of products were classified and columned side by side, that was an eye opener.

Analytical Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analytical Research Paper - Essay Example This paper discusses the macroeconomic issue of the Eurozone recession which adversely affected the countries of Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain (so-called PIIGS) due to fiscal issues. Discussion Economics is a Greek term which literally means the administration or management of a household. It is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of the various goods and services within a country and also among nations. It came about due to the Industrial Revolution that produced the new economic system of capitalism which replaced old order of feudalism (Sherman, 2006, p. 67). In this new system, wealth (profits) is now created out of invested capital in entrepreneurial ventures as opposed to wealth that was generated by the ownership of vast lands under feudalism. Economics is generally divided into its two main components; microeconomics is the study of the basic elements in an economy while the other is macroeconomics, which concerns larger is sues of an entire economy such as growth, inflation, unemployment, monopolies, oligopolies, recession, depression, and fiscal and monetary policies. Economists broadly define a recession as two (2) successive quarters of economic decline based on the real gross domestic product or GDP of the country. Recession is a problem on a macroeconomic scale because it affects general employment in two ways: those who work lose their jobs while those seeking work cannot find meaningful employment, which in turn will cause a deterioration in the overall standard of living of the citizenry. Businesses lay off people as there is excess production capacity resulting from a weak or non-existent demand. Economic growth is stalled or stunted which makes business reluctant to hire new or additional people. The unemployment results in reduced income taxes while putting pressure on government social services as revenues evaporate, making the balancing of national budgets very difficult to do. It will re sult in a fiscal deficit, like the dreaded â€Å"fiscal cliff† in America (a $600 billion shortfall). The significance of this problem is it can result into social chaos and political instability as people and governments scramble to find ways to re-start economic growth but the options are often limited in such a dire situation. If the government tries to reduce expenditures because of a decline in tax revenues (both from individual and business taxes) such as laying off government workers, cutting on social services like education, health care, infrastructure projects and others, people will complain and go out in the streets to demonstrate against austerity measures, which in turn will cause a political crisis that will destabilize a country and cause further problems. The United States of America uses other economic indicators besides unemployment and a rise in excess capacity, such as industrial activity, real incomes, wholesale prices and retail consumer sales. The Nati onal Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) of the United States uses overall business activities as an indicator, the time when business reaches its peak and starts to decline, as the beginning of a recession

Domestic Jurisdiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Domestic Jurisdiction - Essay Example The concept of domestic jurisdiction in relation to freedom from intervention is very basically shown in the unit of society we call family. Before we became citizens of a country, we became parts of a state or a city. Before we became parts of any city, we are first members of a community, and before we became members of a community, we are primarily members of our own families. This is where the dynamic process of protecting one owns freedom and autonomy begins. As a family, we want to function on our own to the best of our abilities with minor help from other people. This is our responsibility to our unit. We want to deal with problems and seek out solutions with each other's help, before we ask assistance from other people. We try to keep family matters inside the home and away from the prying eyes of other families. We do not welcome intervention from other people in family matters without them being requested by us to do so. This action is not appreciated and even shunned as in trusion does not only violate privacy but it goes beyond the unwritten rule of familial boundaries where each family as a distinct unit of society has its own internal rules which the members abide to. These internal rules, however free the family members are in terms of acting on their own will, should be in accordance with the established general laws of the community. Intervention in family matters by other community members is justifiable if the laws of the community are not adhered to and if a certain member of the family is forced to act out of his own volition. This is also where law enforcement may intervene. The same is true for communities. Communities have their own specific agenda and priorities. It is because of the distinct agenda that a community is very wary of intervention from other communities. Resources are limited in communities so intervention is most likely to occur as a means to help or assist. It may also be mutually beneficial to both parties concerned. Going to a higher level or a wider scope, cities or states have the same characteristics. They may belong to one government and one country, but cities or states have their own set of rules aside from the general laws of the land. They have differing strategies and techniques to promote growth within their reach. They want to handle their own problems and issues first before transferring them to a higher authority. They want to exercise their autonomy the best possible way they can, before submitting to the authority of the government. Of course, every action that they do should be within the general laws of the land. The moment that laws are broken and disregarded, intervention from government will always occur. The principles discussed are all parts of the concept of domestic jurisdiction. They are the minor aspects and the foundation for the general idea of the term. In a larger setting, which is the global arena, the basic unit is the nation. A nation has its own members, its own rules, its own ways or techniques of doing things, its own resources and its own beliefs and values. All the factors comprising one nation may be slightly or very different from another. This degree of diversity makes each nation distinct from each

The Emancipation Of Serfs

The Emancipation Of Serfs From the mid-nineteenth century the pace of change in Russia rapidly accelerated. The decade following the Crimean warrior saw the most dramatic social and institutional upheaval that the empire had ever undergone. Central to the so-called Great Reforms of the period was the abolition of serfdom. The statute of 1861 set the 22 million serfs owned by private landlords free from personal bondage. The fundamental relationship upon which the economic, social and politic structure of the empire had been based was to be dismantled. In 1861 serfdom, the system, which tied the Russian peasants irrevocably to their landlords, was abolished at the Tsars imperial command. Four years later, slavery in the USA was similarly declared unlawful by presidential order. Tsar Alexander II (1855-81) shared with his father, Nicholas I, a conviction that American slavery was inhumane. This is not as hypocritical as it might first appear. The serfdom that had operated in Russia since the middle of the seventeenth century was technically not slavery. The landowner did not own the serf. This contrasted with the system in the USA where the Negro slaves were chattels; that is, they were regarded in law as the disposable property of their masters. In Russia the traditional relationship between lord and serf was based on land. It was because he lived on his land that the serf was bound to the lord. The Russian system dated back to 1649 and the introduction of a legal code, which had granted total authority to the landowner to control the life and work of the peasant serfs who lived on his land. Since this included the power to deny the serf the right to move elsewhere, the difference between slavery and serfdom in practice was so fine as to be indistinguishable. The purpose behind the granting of such powers to the Russian dvoriane (nobility of landowners) in 1649 had been to make the nobles dependent on, and therefore loyal to, the tsar. They were to express that loyalty in practical form by serving the tsar as military officers or public officials. In this way the Romanov emperors built up Russias civil bureaucracy and the armed services as bodies of public servants who had a vested interest in maintaining the tsarist state. The serfs made up just over a third of the population and formed half of the peasantry. They were most heavily concentrated in the central and western provinces of Russia. Reasons for The Emancipation Edict of 1861 In a number of respects serfdom was not dissimilar to the feudalism that had operated in many parts of pre-modern Europe. However, long before the 19th century, the feudal system had been abandoned in Western Europe as it moved into the commercial and industrial age. Imperial Russia underwent no such transition. It remained economically and socially backward. Nearly all Russians acknowledged this. Some, known as slavophiles, rejoiced, claiming that holy Russia was a unique God-inspired nation that had nothing to learn from the corrupt nations to the west. But many Russians, of all ranks and classes, had come to accept that reform of some kind was unavoidable if their nation was to progress. It became convenient to use serfdom to explain all Russias current weaknesses: it was responsible for military incompetence, food shortages, over population, civil disorder, and industrial backwardness. These were oversimplified explanations but theyre some truth in all of them: serfdom was symptomatic of the underlying difficulties that held Russia back from progress. It was, therefore, a particularly easy target for the intelligentsia, those intellectuals who in their writings argued for the liberalizing of Russian society, beginning with the emancipation of the exploited peasants. Nikolai Miliutin, who participated in bringing about the reform, believed that it was necessary to end serfdom to increase agricultural productivity and thereby increase the capital required for industrialization. His friend the legal historian and westernizer Constantine Kavelin, who had good connections with reform-minded relatives of the tsar, maintained that serfdom was the chief cause of poverty in Russia. Although historians have debated to what extent serfdom retarded economic development, what is crucial is that Alexander II and other important figures such as Samarin, Nikolai Miliutin, and Kavelin believed that ending serfdom would strengthen the Russian economy and thereby the country as a whole. As often happened in Russian history, it was war that forced the issue. The Russian state had entered the Crimean War in 1854 with high hopes of victory. Two years later it suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of the Allied armies of France, Britain and Turkey. The shock to Russia was profound. The nation had always prided itself on its martial strength. Now it had been humiliated. In 1856, the Slavophile Yuri Samarin wrote: We were defeated (in the Crimean war) not by external forces of the western alliance but by our own internal weaknessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Now, when Europe welcomes peace and rest desired for so long we must deal with what we have neglectedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦At the head of the contemporary domestic questions which must be dealt with, the problem of serfdom stands as a threat to the future and an obstacle in the present to significant improvement in any way  [1]   Defeat in the Crimean war was a profound shock to Russians, and one, which compelled a complete reappraisal of the empire and of its place in the world. It revealed what many had long suspected, that profound disorder was undermining the empires capacity to sustain its role as a European great power. It demonstrated that the army, reputedly the strongest in Europe, could not defend a fortified base in its homeland against troops dispatched from thousands of miles away. It is said that Nicholas I on his deathbed acknowledged the tacit condemnation of his system, enjoying his son to take action to remedy the disorder in the command. The shortcomings of Russias military performance were due not least to the backward stare of her industry and communications and the precarious condition of her finances. She was unable either to manufacture new rifles to match those her adversaries possessed or to purchase them abroad. Much of what was available, including food and weapons, never reached the battlefield over the muddy tracks and dusty post-roads, which connected the southern extremity with the heartlands of the empire. The Emancipation Of Serfs Alexander II was the tsar liberator, the ruler who finally freed the serfs in 1861. He also instituted other important reforms, especially in local government, the judiciary, and the military. Mindful of Russian weakness displayed during the Crimean war and faced with serious economic problems, he hoped the reforms would strengthen Russia without weakening autocracy. Fulfilling such a combined goal however was an almost impossible task, even if Alexander II had been a stronger and more visionary leader than he was. Although the reforms helped modernize Russia, the climate that bred them also fostered discontentment and discord. Reactionaries, conservatives, liberals, radicals, and government officials battled against each other and among themselves. The keystone of the reforms was the emancipation of the serfs, which, by releasing roughly half the peasants from personal bondage while guaranteeing them land, cleared the way in principle for them to become small property owners and full citizens, able to participate without handicap in political life and in the market economy. In practice the emancipation edict stopped well short of doing that. We have seen that the provisions regarding land disappointed most peasants, leaving them with an abiding grievance. Furthermore, though no longer enserfed, they remained segregated in so-called village societies, usually the old village commune, which contained only peasants as members; priests, schoolteachers, medical orderlies and other people who happened to live in the village were excluded from membership. Peasants were bound to these village societies, which held their pass books, until they had paid in full for the land that they were allocated, in a redemption operation scheduled to take forty-nine years; during that time they could not mobilize their resources by selling their allotments or using them as a collateral to raise loans. They were subject to a legal system distinct from that introduced for the rest of the population, they were tried in segregated volost courts, and they were still liable to corporal punishment and to mutual responsibility. The volosti or cantons, the higher-level administrative unit encompassing several villages and perhaps a small town, likewise admitted peasants only to its assembly and its courts. Nikolai Miliutin, who participated in bringing about the reform, believed that it was necessary to end serfdom to increase agricultural productivity and thereby increase the capital required for industrialization. His friend the legal historian and westernizer Constantine Kavelin, who had good connections with reform-minded relatives of the tsar, maintained that serfdom was the chief cause of poverty in Russia. Although historians have debated to what extent serfdom retarded economic development, what is crucial is that Alexander II and other important figures such as Samarin, Nikolai Miliutin, and Kavelin believed that ending serfdom would strengthen the Russian economy and thereby the country as a whole. 2On February 19, 1861, Alexander II signed the legislation into law. The new law was a political compromise between the interests of the nobles and those of the peasants and their supporters, and the government was unsure of the response of either side. The nearly 400 pages of statutes and annexes that made up the new law were terribly complex, but the emancipation provisions can be summed up as follows: The right of bondage over serfs was abolished forever (except in some outlying areas of the empire such as the Caucasus, where separate emancipation legislation came later. New arrangements regarding gentry-peasant relations and landholding were to be worked out in stages during the next few decades. Peasants who had previously farmed gentry land, as opposed to household serfs, were eventually to receive land, the exact amount to be determined by combinations of negotiation, government maximum and minimum norms for each province and the use of mediators. Most of this new land was to go to peasant communes, not directly to individual peasants. Landowners were to be compensated for their loss of lands by a combination of government notes and peasant payments. Peasants, unless they chose a free and miniscule beggars allotment, were obliged to repay the government with annual redemption payments spread over a 49 year period. Significance of The Emancipation Edict of 1861 Emancipation proved the first in a series of measures that Alexander produced as a part of a programme that included legal and administrative reform and the extension of press and university freedoms. But behind all these reforms lay an ulterior motive. Alexander II was not being liberal for its own sake. According to official records kept by the Ministry of the Interior (equivalent to the Home Office in Britain) there had been 712 peasant uprisings in Russia between 1826 and 1854. By granting some of the measures that the intelligentsia had called for, while in fact tightening control over the peasants, Alexander intended to lessen the social and political threat to the established system that those figures frighteningly represented. Above all, he hoped that an emancipated peasantry, thankful for the gifts that a bountiful tsar had given them, would provide physically fitter and morally worthier recruits for Russias armies, the symbol and guarantee of Russias greatness as a nation. There is a sense in which the details of Emancipation were less significant than the fact of the reform itself. Whatever its shortcomings, emancipation was the prelude to the most sustained programme of reform that imperial Russia had yet experienced (see the Timeline). There is also the irony that such a sweeping move could not have been introduced except by a ruler with absolute powers; it could not have been done in a democracy. The only comparable social change of such magnitude was President Lincolns freeing of the Negro slaves in 1865. But, as a modern Russian historian (Alexander Chubarov, The Fragile Empire, New York, 1999, p.75) has provocatively pointed out: the [Russian] emancipation was carried out on an infinitely larger scale, and was achieved without civil war and without devastation or armed coercion. Yet when that achievement has been duly noted and credited, hindsight suggests that emancipation was essentially a failure. It raised expectations and dashed them. Russia gave promise of entering a new dawn but then retreated into darkness. This tends to suggest that Alexander II and his government deliberately set out to betray the peasants. This was certainly the argument used by radical critics of the regime. It is important to consider, however, that land reform always takes time to work. It can never be a quick fix. Alexanders prime motive in introducing emancipation was undoubtedly the desire to produce results that were beneficial to his regime. But this is not to suggest that he was insincere in his wish to elevate the condition of the peasants. Where he can be faulted is in his failure to push reform far enough. The fact is that Alexander II suffered from the besetting dilemma that afflicted all the reforming tsars from Peter the Great onwards how to achieve reform without damaging the interests of the privileged classes that made up imperial Russia. It was a question that was never satisfactorily answered because it was never properly faced. Whenever their plans did not work out or became difficult to achieve, the Romanovs abandoned reform and resorted to coercion and repression. Emancipation was intended to give Russia economic and social stability and thus prepare the way for its industrial and commercial growth. But it ended in failure. It both frightened the privileged classes and disappointed the progressives. It went too far for those slavophiles in the court who wanted Russia to cling to its old ways and avoid the corruption that came with western modernity. It did not go far enough for those progressives who believed that a major social transformation was needed in Russia. There is a larger historical perspective. It is suggested by many historians that, for at least a century before its collapse in the Revolution of 1917, imperial Russia had been in institutional crisis; the tsarist system had been unable to find workable solutions to the problems that faced it. If it was to modernize itself, that is to say if it was to develop its agriculture and industry to the point where it could sustain its growing population and compete on equal terms with its European and Asian neighbors and international competitors, it would need to modify its existing institutions. This it proved unable or unwilling to do. Therein lies the tragedy of Emancipation. It is an outstanding example of tsarist ineptitude. Its introduction held out the possibility that Russia could build on this fundamentally progressive measure and modify its agricultural economy in such a manner as to cater for its vast population, which doubled to 125 million during the second half of the 19th century. But the chance was lost. So reduced was the peasant as an agricultural worker by 1900 that only half of his meagre income came from farming. He had to sustain himself by laboring. So much for Alexander IIs claim that he viewed the task of improving the condition of the peasants as a sacred inheritance to which he was honor bound. Immediate impact of The Emancipation Edict of 1861 The immediate impact of the statute was much less dramatic than this longer-term picture might suggest, not least because of the economic terms and administrative arrangements under which the peasants were set free. These terms preserved, if in milder form, many of the obstacles to economic growth and social change characteristic of the pre-reform era. The principle of the statute was that the serfs would be emancipated with their household plots and an allotment of land, but that they should pay for this land. The amount of land made available to them to purchase should be approximately equivalent to the allotments they had been allowed to till for their own subsistence under serfdom. The government would compensate the nobility immediately and the peasantry would repay the government would compensate the nobility immediately and the peasantry would repay the government with redemption dues spread over a period of forty-nine years. In practice the peasantry allotments were significa ntly smaller than those they had used before emancipation; the cut offs withheld by landlords were particularly large in the fertile black-earth regions and were a source of intense and lasting bitterness. The price the peasants paid was artificially inflated to compensate the nobility for the dues in labor and cash, which they were losing. However unattractive the peasants found the terms of land redemption, they were compelled to transfer from the initial status of temporarily obligated tenants to outrights purchasers if their landlords insisted. On the other hand, where it suited the nobility to retain landownership, they could, until 1881, refuse to embark upon redemption at all. Negative Impacts on the serfs As was to be expected, the reaction to the emancipation manifesto was mixed. Many of the emancipated serfs were confused about the complex new statutes and disbelieving or disappointed when told they would have to make payments (for half a century) for land they received. Many peasants believed that the fault with evil officials and nobles who were frustrating the tsars real intentions. They thought that as soon as he overcame these troublemakers, new, more favorable, legislation would be forthcoming. Before the year was over, nobles reported more than 1000 disturbances, most of which required to quell. In the summer of 1861, alexander felt it necessary to admonish a delegation of peasants: There will be no emancipation expect the one I have granted you. Obey the law and statutes! Work and toil! Obey the authorities and noble landowners! The following selection is from the first edition of the Englishmans first-hand observations and reflections. 3It might be reasonably supposed that the serfs received with boundless gratitude and delight the manifestoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in reality the manifesto created among the peasantry a feeling of disappointment rather than delight. To understand this strange fact we must endeavor to place ourselves at the peasants point of view. In the first place it must be remarked that all vague rhetorical phrases about free labor, human dignity, national progress, and the like, which may be readily produce among educated men a certain amount of temporary enthusiasm, fall on the ears of the Russian peasant like drops of rain on a granite mark. Collectively the former serfs received less land than their pre-emancipation allotments. More than one-fourth of them received allotments insufficient to maintain their households-former serfs of polish landowners, especially after polish rebellion of 1863, and imperial and state peasants came off better. Overall the noble serf owners kept roughly two-fifth of their lands, whereas the ex-serfs, greatly outnumbering them, received the rest. And the peasants eventually paid more for their land than it was worth and received land less suitable than that retained by the owners. The economic impact on the peasantry of the settlement and the powers entrusted to the post-emancipation commune is, as we shall see, a matter of fierce controversy. Clearly, the phasing out of traditional dues removed the spectre of increased production being creamed off by the landlord, while peasant security was increased by the opportunity to buy the land. Peasants on crown lands and state peasants, liberated by the statutes of 1863 and 1866 on broadly similar terms to those of private serfs, were able to buy rather more land on better terms. Yet the peasantry as a whole remained in a position of extreme economic and political weakness. Advantaged households might briefly establish a privileged position within their own commune and rent land from the nobility on their behalf. But the containing practice of periodic communal redistribution of land, the heavy impositions of state, the vulnerability of even the most successful household to the vagaries of the climate-all provided major obstacles to the emergence of study yeomen. Most significant was the process by which peasants continued to divide the land of large households to set up new families in their own homes and merged plots which old age and death had rendered unviable. The overwhelming majority of peasants remained middle peasants who, despite gradual integration into the market and a slow rise in literacy, remained in large measure set apart form and subordinate to the world outside. The other Great Reforms of 1860s, affecting the judicial system, the press, and the universities, had little effect on the peasantry. They did gain a minority voice on the new local government bodies (zemstva) set up in 1864, but they tended to view them as an additional burden rather that as a vehicle for pursuit of their own interests. For the most part, their political leverage was still restricted to local instances of illegal resistance and spectre of mass disturbances. Amidst the dislocation of Crimean war and the uncertainty, which followed it, rural unrest had made a significant impact on government policy. Peasant protest had reached a level, which led Soviet historians to identify the period as Russian first revolutionary situation. Acute disappointments at being made to pay for the land they considered their own sparked widespread-an in places violent- protest between March and May 1861. But swift and drastic actions by the government succeeded in crushing resistance. Although below the surface tension remained high in the countryside at once refle cted in and fed by repeated rumors of an imminent real Emancipation the number of disturbances trailed off. Yet in the midst of these economic and cultural changes, the peasants gained no new outlets for their political aspirations. Other hand the Zemstvos (which had limited functions and powers), they had no institutions through which they could express their grievances and seek solutions to them. Even as they were beginning from below to bridge the gap between themselves and the empires elites, there was no sign of a civic nation, which they could join. For such a system to work, however, the peasants would have needed a sufficient amount of land or unrestricted opportunities to make money in non-agricultural employment. Neither desideratum was attained. While maximum and minimum norms were established for different zones, they were not always realized or adequate in all cases even when they were realized. The peasants often lost land, particularly in black earth region- in sartov and Samara more than 40 per cent of what they had previously worked. In such provinces, they were often forced by economic circumstances if not by law to continue working for their masters (otrabotka replacing barshchina in technical terms). In less fertile regions near the center and in the north, it is true, they often gained land, but here the obrok form of payment had long been more profitable for the landlords than labor services, and therefore land was not as important to the erstwhile masters as cash. Alternative View on The Emancipation Edict of 1861 The following selection is from the memoirs of Prince Peter Kropotkin, a student in the corps of pages in 1861 when a statute abolishing serfdom was enacted. I was in Nikolskoye in August 1861, and again in the summer of 1862, and I was struck with the quiet, intelligent way in which the peasants had accepted the new conditions. They knew perfectly well how difficult it would be to pay the redemption tax for the land, which was in reality an indemnity to the nobles in lieu of the obligations of serfdom. But they so much valued the abolition of their personal enslavement that they accepted the ruinous charges not without murmuring, but as a hard necessity the moment that personal freedom was obtainedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ When I saw our Nikolskoye peasants, fifteen months after liberation, I could not but admire them. Their inborn good nature and softness remained with them, but all traces of servility had disappeared. They talked to their masters as equals talk to equals, as if they never had stood in different relations. Besides, such men came out from among them as could make a stand for their rights

Hiroshima and Nagasaki the untold story Essay -- essays papers

Hiroshima and Nagasaki the untold story On August 6th 1945, the first Atomic Bomb, â€Å"Little Boy,† was dropped on Hiroshima, and three days later on August 9th 1945, the second atomic bomb, â€Å"Fat Man,† was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan’s industrial capital. The decision to use the Atomic Bomb against Japan was a poor one considering the damage, the devastation, and the amount of people left dead, injured, or suffering the loss of a family member or a friend, all for the sake of quickly ending the ongoing War. When the Japanese had realized that they were the only ones left in the war, Germany their ally, was already beaten out of the war and all efforts were now concentrated at them, the Japanese began suing for a peaceful end to the war. Apart from the fact that Japan had been suing for a peaceful end to the war, there were a number of alternative routes of action that the Americans had at their fingertips, and could have taken advantage of at a moment’s notice, which could have possibly sa ved a lot of lives, both American and Japanese. After analyzing the amount of damage and the amount of lives lost as a result of the dropping of the Atomic Bomb, it becomes evident that dropping the bomb was not worth a quick end to the war. Much of why Japanese surrender took so long to come through reverts back to the Samurai Tradition in Japan. First, the Emperor didn’t not intervene in political affairs as he was considered to be above such petty human politics, and second, the Japanese code of honor which puts death before dishonor. The Americans had intercepted messages from the Foreign Minister Togo, to Ambassador Sato expressing the desires of the Emperor for a peaceful end to the war,â€Å"[h]is Majesty the Emperor, mindful of the fact that the present war daily brings greaterevil and sacrifice upon the peoples of all belligerent powers, desires from his heart thatit may be quickly terminated† (Alperovitz 23). The desire of the Emperor for an end to the war never came true until both atomic bombs had been dropped on two of Japan’s key industrial cities, as the Emperor never formally expressed this desire. In the samurai tradition, the Emperor is held at a God-like status and therefore, is considered above politics, so therefore he never intervenes, and was never expected to intervene in political issues, his role was to sanction decisions made by the Cabinet, wh... ...Eye Witness Account: Atomic Bomb Mission over Nagasaki." Federation of American Scientists. 9 Jan. 2000. . . . Lifton, Robert Jay & Mitchell, Greg. Hiroshima in America: Fifty Years of Denial. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons New York, 1995. Long, Doug. " Hiroshima: Was it Necessary?" . 30 Aug. 2000. . . Maag, Carl and Rohrer, Steve. "Project Trinity." EnviroLink. 9 Jan. 2000. . . . Stimson, Henry. "Henry Stimson’s Diary and Papers." . 30 Jan. 2000. . . . Takaki, Ronald. Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb. Canada: Little, Brown and Company, 1995. The Manhattan Engineer District. "The Atomic Bombings Of Hiroshima and Nagasaki." Federation of American Scientists. 9 Jan. 2000. . . . The Manhattan Engineer District. "The Manhattan Project (and Before)." Federation of American Scientists. 9 Jan. 2000. . . . Trujillo, Gary S. "Hiroshima Witness." Federation of American Scientists. 9 Jan. 2000. . . . Truman, Harry. "Hiroshima: Harry Truman’s Diary and Papers." 30 Jan. 2000. . . . Truman, Harry. "Statement by the President of the United States." Federation of American Scientists. 9 Jan. 2000. . . .

Mass Media Essay

Without a doubt mass media communication is a major source of influence in the 21st century. Mass media is not only about information dissemination and entertainment but it can also be used as a tool to bend the will of the people. For those who will find this difficult to accept they need only to observe the impact of the advertising agency as well as the impact of Hollywood films. While the significance of mass media in the modern age is undeniable there is less agreement when it comes to defining its true nature. But the following discussion will help in understanding the heart of the matter when it comes to mass media. This can be achieved by providing an overview of the development of mass media from the 19th century up to the present. Media Giants from the 19th century onwards Mass media did not start in the 20th century, but a century earlier. There is evidence to prove that even in the 19th century, Europeans were able to gauge the impact of mass media in society and therefore investors began to pour money into the production of books, pamphlets and other written forms of communication that can be sold to the public. While businessmen dabbling in mass media communication can be considered as media moguls there is no comparison when it comes to the resources, scope, and impact brought about by media giants in the 20th century. In the 21st century another radical change is happening to the media moguls. While they enjoyed robust growth in the 20th century, it can also be said that their better days are gone. The new media moguls are finding it hard to fend the impact of globalization as well as the rapid development of technology. With the use of the Internet there is no longer a waiting period from librarians. There are books that can be ordered online and shipped immediately to a far away place. But more importantly information can be accessed for free. Media Capitals A media capital is a place where the art and science of mass media communication is being keenly observed by media practitioners all over the globe. A few examples are Hollywood, Chicago etc. A media capital is also a geographic location where mass media communication is broadcasted on a global scale. Therefore the influence of media practitioners in this area is very significant. While media capitals can stay profitable for long periods of time the more interesting topic is regarding the emergence of new media capitals outside America and Europe. The emergence of China as a new economic superpower can only be fully understood and appreciated if the Chinese people are ready and willing to build infrastructures that would help increase the capacity of the nation to handle rapid growth in the near future. But aside from the rhetoric, it must be pointed out that there are emerging markets, especially those in Hong Kong and India where creators of mass media content are generating world wide praise. Ownership and Media Mass media is supposed to be a business that aims for objectivity. A company that is supposed to present information regarding current events must be able to show this information without bias and with truthfulness (Lendman, 2008). This is because mass media communication is about telling the truth and most importantly it is a form of public service (Beadouion, 2007). But the reality of mass media communication can be described as a huge undertaking requiring the financial muscle of a businessman. Since a businessman exists to make a profit this mindset will influence the way news is being delivered to the public. For instance a media corporation can be financed by a hugely profitable company accused of dumping toxic wastes to major bodies of water in the area. If the said corporation is a major financier in the said media corporation then it can be expected that the firm will attempt to reduce the negative impact of the news report. In some cases mass media corporations will no longer remain objective concerning the case (Shah, 2009). This is the reality of present day mass media firms. Mass Media Determining the exact scope and limitation of mass media can be a difficult undertaking. But the mere mention of the term, one can think of at least five major subgroups: 1) Newspapers; 2) Internet; 3) TV News; 4) Commercials; and 5) Radio. If mass media communication can be subdivided into these five broad categories then it means that it is a subject matter that encompasses a wide range of issues. Although mass media is a complex subject matter it is easy to understand its significance in the 21st century. If newspapers are part of mass media then it is easy to see its impact in the 21st century. There are millions of people around the world who reads the newspapers. This is a traditional medium of communication that continues to serve its purpose which is to inform, entertain and to persuade. Newspapers are shapers of opinion and that a good piece of writing can illicit a response from the readers. While the Internet is eating up the market share once dominated by newspapers, acquiring information using ink and paper is still as reliable as it first appeared a few centuries ago. TV news is also being challenged by the popularity of the Internet. In its heyday TV new is the only authoritative source of information especially regarding life, politics, business and more. But when world-wide-web became a global phenomenon, TV news is seen as slow and antiquated. For instance TV stations invest in producing TV news because in the midst of the broadcast they can insert TV commercials and earn money to sustain the operation. But consumers of this type of information are demanding for quicker access and zero TV commercials. Aside from the decline of TV news, brought upon by the dominance of Internet fuelled information sites, there is another traditional mass medium that is taking a beating. And this is none other than the radio. It is hard to imagine that there was a time when radio messages are the main source of information and entertainment in many parts of the globe. But today this practice of tuning into a radio station is almost non-existent in the lives of the younger generation. For them it is impractical to listen to a radio when they can have the same experience in cyberspace. The Impact of the Internet Just like mass media, it is notoriously difficult to gauge the scope and limitation of the Internet. It seems that in the 21st century, the Internet is almost everywhere, from news reports, Hollywood films, chat rooms, blogs, etc. The Internet is not only beneficial to mass media but also the banking industry, transportation, politics, health and medicine. But is in mass media where people can really see its potential to change the world. In terms of mass media communication the Internet means cheap and reliable access to information. Today, thanks to the Internet, a child can have access to data even if he lives off-the-grid so to speak. The Internet allows for quick transmission of data and enables people to view information using a variety of tools and strategies. For instance, a campaign against the perils of drug abuse will show a plethora of strategies that will help a drug addict seek professional help. Since the Internet is easily accessible then there is a greater chance for the addict to meet the right people who will help him or her – this is information dissemination at its best. Federal Communication Commission Since mass media communication is vital and crucial to the lives of every American, mass media communication in the United States requires the guidance of government agency. By describing the different bureaus and offices one can have a good understanding of this government agency: †¢ Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau: This bureau informs consumers about telecommunication goods and services. †¢ Media Bureau – regulates AM and FM radio stations as well as cable television and satellite services. †¢ International Bureau – represents the Commission in satellite and international matters. †¢ Mass media – must be about free speech and the ability to write what one felt and what one has seen in the present. The government is raising the standard by creating an agency in-charge of harmonizing all competing forces. The FCC plays a vital role in sustaining the admirable communication infrastructure in the country. It is a government agency in-charge of keeping things in order. The FCC is like a coach guiding all interested parties to have a deeper understanding about mass media communication. References Beadouion, C. (2007). Mass Media Use, Neighborliness and Social Support: Assessing causal Links with Data panel. Communication Research. 34(6): 637-664. Lendman, S. (2008). â€Å"The Political Economy of Media. † Retrieved 22 January 2009. Available from http://www. globalresearch. ca/index. php? context=va&aid=9446 la vie http://www. dangheno. net/pwritnigs10. htm Shah, A. (2009). â€Å"Media Conglomerates, Mergers, Concentration of Ownership. † Retrieved 22 January 2009. Available from http://www. globalissues. org/article/159/media-conglomerates-mergers-concentration-of- ownership

Cultural Norms Essay

Society comes from the French word â€Å"socià ©tà ©Ã¢â‚¬  and the Latin word â€Å"societas† which mean fellowship and companionship respectively. Other popular definitions of society are; a group of people living together because of their same interests and ways of living. All countries of the world have their own set of societies that varies depending on its citizens preferred ways of living. Societies are defined by historical events, norms and the cultures that the specific society has become accustomed to. The most influential aspect of a certain civilization to a society is its culture.   The word ‘culture’ has many meanings. It could mean the way of living of certain societies or the cultivation of plants and other things that could be cultivated.   Culture is one of the strong driving points of a society because, from its definitions, it is the collection of traits that define the people of a society and even a whole civilization.   It is the collection of traits that has been acquired by people from different experiences and events that have happened in their and other people’s lives.   Culture greatly defines the kinds of societies.   But, culture is broad.   It consists of several other ‘traits’ that give it definition.   One of which is ‘norms’. Norms are the practices that people in societies call normal.   If having unlimited children in a society is a norm, then having unlimited children is normal. Thus, if you have no children or refuse to have more than what you already have, in that society, you would be considered abnormal.   If norms are what define cultures and cultures are what define societies and civilizations as a whole, by deductive reasoning, the norms are what support the societies. Different countries have different cultures.   This is because different countries are composed of multitudes of different norms.   Norms are commonly established when a majority of the society’s population practice a particular or common habit of living.   Other justifications are when the leader of that society orders its subordinates or people to follow his rules thus making his preferences norms. Norms and cultures have broad meanings that are difficult and complex to explain.   To help explain these ideas, use of examples would be most appropriate.   A particularly good example that can help explain the function of ‘norms’ in defining a culture is the general differentiation of the East from the West. The people of the Orient consider living with nature while practicing art in forms of sculpture, pottery, painting, and writing poems as the general norm.   On the other hand, the West considers building and using machines and other inventions in making discovery, art, and everyday living more bearable and easier for its people.   The Orient used herbs and natural oils in curing their sicknesses and relied on priests to make the sicknesses go away.   In the West, discovery of medicines and other man-made products that help make the common people healthy is the norm for medicines. The general norms of the East and the West were established from the habits that the residents of the different cultures have grown to practice.   Their geographical location also helped in establishing their norms.   Also, in some countries, the rulers dictated the norms.   Other factors that gave their cultures essence are religion, art, war, and ethics which were established from their norms. I am an American citizen.   Living in America has taught me to be self-confident and judgmental at times but I understand that today, skin color, artistic preferences, and religion are more similar in every culture than different and I believe that to close the gap between the culture disparities of different nations, understanding of other cultures must be exercised before making judgments. References: Bibikova, A. and Kotelnikov V. (n.d.). East versus West. Retrieved September 18, 2007 from http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/crosscuttings/cultures_east-west-phylosophy.html Calverley, N. (2006). â€Å"Where did the term â€Å"The West† originate?†. Retrieved September 18, 2007 from http://hnn.us/articles/25977.html Culture. Merriam-Webster online dictionary. Retrieved September 18, 2007 from http://m-w.com/dictionary/culture Norm. Merriam-Webster online dictionary. Retrieved September 18, 2007 from http://m-w.com/dictionary/norm Swindler, A. (n.d). Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies. Retrieved September 18, 2007 from http://www.asanet.org/galleries/default-file/Unit3.pdf

Ericson - Freud essays

Ericson - Freud essays Describe the developmental process and problems that might arise in 1 of the first 3 developmental stages (ericson freud) and how these might affect the counselling relationship Freud developed a frame work for understanding the process of human development and broke down the various stages of childhood development into The Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency The Process of the Anal Stage of Development Perhaps the biggest influencing factor in a persons life is their childhood. An adult has the capability to make conscious decisions and develop attitudes to life where as a developing childs world is dominated by parents or significant primary care figures e.g Mother is the name for God on the lips and hearts of small children (Brandon Lee, Film: The Crow 1995) A child has no experience of life to base their beliefs on - no way of understanding weather they are experiencing a positive or negative influence. To a child their world simply is what it is. Good parents may try to consciously teach their children a strong belief in themselves and an independent and autonomous nature, but they may also inadvertently teach their children beliefs in themselves, which may be negative or detrimental. It may be that the parents inherited these beliefs and pass them on to their own children - much like inheriting a garden where its up to you to grow what you will - but within your garden will already be some weeds. Everyone can live with a few weeds in the garden - but if the weeds are many and fertile then they can start to block out the sunlight and the growth of the flowers may be stunted. The anal stage generally occurs around the second and th...

The likely implications of a large country engaging in loose monetary Essay

The likely implications of a large country engaging in loose monetary policy for exchange rates - Essay Example The central banks of the economies play a pivotal role in the economic systems for prescribing the monetary policies in the respective nations. The fiscal authorities are in turn checked by the governments of different nations (Gerlach and Wensheng, 2004). In order to efficiently trade in the global economies, the countries in the modern economies use the purchasing power parity conditions to analyze the relative worth of different currencies in an economy. Exchange rate is the modern jargon used by the contemporary economies to judge the terms of trade conditions of nation. This essay will show how the monetary authorities of large economies in the modern world have liberalized or loosened their economies in order to adjust their exchange rates according to the market and sustain a favourable value of their terms of trade in the long run (Keohane, 2013). Situation Analysis Exchange Rate Issues Exchange rates are the rate that defines the value of the currency of a country in terms o f the value of the currency of another country. Exchange rates are either measured in nominal or are measured in real terms. In real terms, it is the ratio of the aggregate price level in the foreign economy to the value of the aggregate price level in the home currency. ... On the other hand, the goods and services available in the foreign markets tend to become expensive to the country. In such situations, the exports of the country become cheaper in terms of value than the imports. The country would demand for less foreign exchange (lesser imports) and possesses an excess supply of the foreign exchange (higher exports). This would thus induce the price of the value of the exchange rate (supply > demand) in the market to fall. A fall in the exchange rate would actually imply the fall in the value of currency of a nation in terms of the currency of another country. Thus in the modern world, monetary authorities constantly try to manipulate and keep the exchange rates suitable to the economic environment of the respective nations (GBM, 2013). Macroeconomic Imbalances The countries in the contemporary world are found to have macroeconomic imbalance conditions. The causes behind the imbalances have been associated with both the internal and external affair s of economies. In some nations like Netherlands, the economy is facing high surplus in the current account but the household debt of the country is increasing at a rapid rate. Moreover, the property bubble (rise in the real estate prices) in the economies of Spain, U.S., Ireland etc have resulted in the heightening of the level of government debt and crisis in the economy. Since 2009, the global financial crisis in the economies of the western world has created a trickledown effect in the less developed economies in the world like India, Brazil etc. As after the emergence of globalization and liberalization, economies in the contemporary world have become entangled with each other. Thus, the macroeconomic imbalances in the form of

A Business Plan to Open a Portuguese Restaurant in London Essay

A Business Plan to Open a Portuguese Restaurant in London - Essay Example The management plan is discussed majorly for the employee’s costs and benefits. The financial plan shows the financial plan, profit and loss statements, balance sheet, Industry ratios, and addresses every possible risk and how to manage the risks along with several recommendations. The Portuguese restaurant will be a multicultural restaurant that will get to serve customers desiring Portuguese and American food. The restaurant seeks to meet every need of the diverse and growing ethnicity of the London city and targets to be the first to offer the authentic Portuguese foods. Food from the restaurant will get prepared primarily from food products that are fresh. The restaurant will have to create a Portuguese atmosphere. International music and culture will get incorporated into the restaurant using the paintings, murals and Portuguese music. The restaurant will get started in six months’ time, and the location of the restaurant will be in the north central of London city. The size of the restaurant will be 1200 square feet and will comprise of cooking area with freezer and refrigerator, counter eating area, restroom, dining area and waiting area for the takeout food. The owner’s, John Smith, prior experiences in the management of the restaurant resulted in his desire to want to manage and own a restaurant. Currently, John works at J &A Catering and Entertainment Corporation. Therefore, John Smith is the one that will operate the Travellers restaurant, and this is due to his goal of owning and operating a restaurant that he can utilize his proven experience and professional skills. His skills and experience in the restaurant business go back as far as 2007. From 2007- 2010, he worked as a cook for the Burger King Restaurant. From 2010- 2012 he operated as cook in Popeye’s Fort Wayne. At J&A Catering and Entertainment, he was responsible for managing the bar and getting to plan special events. His ability include working long hours,

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 21

Answer questions - Essay Example We all know that scientifically, humans are related to primates. In the early times, at a point of time the chimpanzee developed a variant in gene and thus human version of predators started to develop. The chimpanzee and the humans lived in a same natural environment and the way they hunted food was through spontaneous process. Man too had same techniques and procedures to hunt food as he carried genetic similarity on a large basis with chimpanzees. If we look at the diet system both chimpanzees and humans have same routine. Chimpanzees as well as humans are omnivorous and had to acquire food from same weather condition. So it is sensible to state that the chimpanzee predators are a model for human hunting. -building and there are two chimpanzees staying apart and are indulging in care taking. Their locomotive limb behavior is also very evident in the video. We can observe here that the primates have a limb movement which is abducted during arboreal locomotion to a greater extent, and more variably overall, than during terrestrial locomotion. We can also observe that the, the social behavior of the chimpanzee is almost similar to human being as they care for each other and imitate what other chimpanzees does like peeping through the

Similar to Liberation Christology Essay Example for Free

Similar to Liberation Christology Essay Until recently, traditional Christian theology was interpreted only by white males. In a modern world things are changing. In her book Consider Jesus, Elizabeth Johnson states that women â€Å"are waking up to their own dignity and finding their own voice† (page 97). Despite the feminist theology movement that Johnson describes, sexism and male dominance is embedded in the culture of the Catholic Church. Women will have equal rights under canon law, the problem is â€Å"Time†, the same thought process of 100 years ago is still active in the Church today. Only when the new generations of clergy is in place can change come. When it comes to the Christological interpretation woman voices can strengthen the debate, but it will take many generations for the old establishment to give way to an equal gender hierarchy. This is a strong argument, because in order for the old establishment to change and accept women, women need to make an effort to actively work to reform the current hierarchy. Johnson describes feminist theology as â€Å"Faith†¦being reflected upon explicitly from the perspective and experience of women† (page 97). Similar to Liberation Christology, in which poor and oppressed have a unique theological interpretation, in feminist theology the dominated group is women who begin to take part in the debate from their unique perspective. There are two main categories of feminist theology. The first is revolutionary feminist theology. As the word revolutionary implies these groups of women are quite radical and completely disassociate themselves with tradition rather than trying to change the minds of the male dominated theology. They do not acknowledge a male deity; instead they worship a female God, a goddess. They do not dwell on Jesus Christ because he was male. Usually these women split from the church and form their own groups arguing that the church is hopelessly stuck in its patriarchal ways. Johnson does not place much importance on these revolutionary feminists because this group has cut themselves off from the Church. The second category of feminist theology is reformist feminist theology. These women share the belief with the revolutionary feminists that there is a â€Å"male-dominated character of the Christian tradition† (p98), but instead of separating from the church, they choose to work from the inside to â€Å"seek the dismantling of the patriarchy and equal justice† (page 98). This approach could be described as â€Å"you catch more flies with honey than you do with vinegar†. Reformists work passively within the church to create change, not trying to dominate but with a view of the earth as shared, where â€Å"the dream of a new heaven and a new earth takes hold†¦ with no one group dominating and no one group subordinated, but each person in his or her own right participating according to their gifts, without preconceived stereotyping, in genuine mutuality† (page 99). The revolutionary theologians approach will ultimately lead to change, because as women are becoming more accepted in positions of power and authority outside of the church, they will become more accepted inside the church. The number of women in post-secondary education and federal government is higher than ever before. These are positive changes, but this kind of change in the church is still years away. Women are half of the human race yet seem to be overlooked in most of human history. The traditional patriarchal structure has defined women’s status and position in society. Reformists hope is to transform this traditional belief that women are second class citizens when in fact they have been just as influential in social as well as in Christological history. Mary Magdalene, the â€Å"apostle to the apostles† (109) and the other women of the Bible are â€Å"given several times in the gospels but have become a forgotten part of the story† (109). How is it that they were so important back then, yet so left out of the debate today? Perhaps our evolution as a male-dominated society has spilled over into the church – woman by no fault of their own were not allow to attend school or a higher level after high school, this alone caused a gap for woman in the church. The bible was written and interpreted by males while woman were denied economic, legal, and educational rights, â€Å"A prejudice is the inability to deal with the otherness of people who are different from what is considered â€Å"oneself†. In patterns of androcentric thinking the male is centered. These samplings are what influences canon law and has shaped Catholic tradition†. (p100 101) The consequence of sexism for woman is a lack of self-esteem and self-confidence; for men it is a narrow band of human characteristics; strong, rational, in control. (p 102) If the sexism could stop, society as a whole could benefit.

Analysis Of Various Dance Styles Drama Essay

Analysis Of Various Dance Styles Drama Essay Rumba is the most sensual and most romantic of all Latin dances. Its a dance that tells a story about love and affection between a male lover and a bashful teasing woman. The Rumba is a slow dance that is said to be the Grandfather of the Latin dances and the dance of love. To pull off a great rumba dancers must show a very soft hip. When dancing this dance dancers must never do heels leads all steps are taken using the balls of the feet and the walks should be strong and straight. The original Rumba originated from African slaves during the 16th century but during WW2 another dance known as The Son became popular in Cuba it was still the Rumba but slower. Paso Doble Paso Doble meaning double step in Spanish is the most masculine and dramatic dance of all Latin dances. Traditionally the Paso Doble is about the matador killing the bull in which the man is the matador and the women is either the cape or the bull. This dance is different from other Latin dances because it didnt come from Latin America it originated from southern France but it is modeled after the drama, movement and sound of the Spanish bullfight, because the dance came from France the steps are in French. In Paso Doble there has to be tension between the dancers and dancers take strong steps forward and include artistic hand movements. Samba is a fun, fast and energetic party dance from Brazils Rio Carnaval. This dance not like the other ones is made up of different South American dances incorporated into one. It requires a lot of hip action and is meant to look bouncy and effortless. It is the hardest dance of all Latin dances. Samba begun in Brazil in the 19th century and it is performed as a street dance at Brazils carnaval. Samba is very popular in Rio and in the United States. It was first introduced in the U.S in 1933. Samba is danced by using the balls of the feet. Many samba dances include a move called Botafogo. The basic step is called a Volta. Mambo Sensual, Passionate, fast and all about the hips the Mambo is a fun dance that has Cuban and African rhythms. It originated from the Haitians living in Cuba. Mambo is popular around the world as both a competitive and social dance. Waltz The Waltz is danced all over the world whether in weddings, parties or competitions. It is a very elegant dance that is meant to look effortless and graceful. In Waltz your posture, frame, and foot work have to be excellent to make it look pleasant. Throughout the dance couples must rise, fall, and turn while keeping a closed hold. The character for this dance should be romantic, smooth, and gentle. The word Waltz comes from the German word Waltzen which means to turn. The Waltz originated in the 17th century in southern Germany and then became popular in France and England. Tango Tango is one of the most intriguing Ballroom dances. Its a very passionate and very seductive dance. Tango is one of the most common and classic ballroom dances worldwide. Most people that watch the tango get easily confused with the argentine tango. Even though the tango is inspired by the argentine tango they are both completely different dances in which the argentine tango is more passionate and fiery while the tango is a more progressive dance. The Tango originated in Buenos Aires, Argentina in the late 19th Century. The story behind the tango is that the Gauchos would ride their horses all day and later would go to the bar and dance with the ladies and since they hadnt showered they would usually dance with their faces away from each other. Foxtrot The Foxtrot is a very classy and very elegant dance. It is similar to the quickstep but slower. It is one of the most popular ballroom dances in history. Its known for its smooth style. The foxtrot was developed in the 1920s in the United States. It was invented by American vaudeville actor Harry Fox who performed it with his wife regularly at shows in New York. As a result People fell in love with its smooth movements. In Foxtrot the slow steps are performed with the heel while the quick steps are performed with the toe. The timing in foxtrot is very important. Quickstep The Quickstep is a fast and happy dance with difficult footwork. It is the fastest ballroom dance but fun and easy to learn. This dance originated in a place that doesnt exist now-a-days, called Black Bottom in Detroit. During the 1920s while people danced the foxtrot many bands would play the music too fast for them to keep up and then eventually over time a fast version was formed. Like the Foxtrot Quickstep is elegant. In Quickstep in must include fast kicks, and smooth gliding action. The basic feel of the Quickstep is Slow-Quick-Quick-Slow where the Quick is performed on the balls of the feet and the Slow on the heel. To make this dance look effortless dancers must be light on their feet. The costumes in dancing are as important as the dance. And like the dance the costumes are complex. If you have the right music and the right choreography but the wrong costume the whole dance is going to look completely off. The costumes should help tell the story of the dance. Dance costumes have changed so much since the 19th century womens dresses have gotten shorter, more revealing and are showier. And mens trousers were more fitted. The costumes in dancing take a while to design and make as they are so difficult and often have a lot of patterns and sequences. So shows like Dancing with the stars, strictly come dancing and many more usually design their costumes at least 6 months in advanced. Latin and ballroom dance costumes are completely different from each other. Ballroom dance costumes men were tuxedos sometimes with tails and women wear long-mid half dresses because ballroom costumes cant be flashy but have to be light, long, and not glitzy so it can highlight the story and style of dance. While the Latin dances have to be short, exotic, and glitzy to show how spicy the dance is. For this type of dance women wear short colorful dresses with a lot of sequences and rhinestones while the men wear shirts and trousers. The make-up is also important. In ballroom is soft but in Latin its more dramatic